Liability Held by Oligarchs as Criminals in Resource and Environmental Governance

Abstract

Issues of oligarchy in resources and environment have been growing in the last decade, followed by increasing environmental damage. Environmental crimes involving the government's negligence in issuing permits for environmental management are rising. Holding the people concerned liable for the environmental damage is difficult, considering this crime is systematic and deeply implanted. This research employed a normative method and statutory and case approaches, suggesting that a clear-cut mechanism in the issuance of a permit amidst environmental damage and punishment needs to exist, and their existence also has to consider returning the environment to its former state, reinforcement of law, and the governance of the democracy as a preventive action.

Keywords:  oligarchy,  crimes, environmental damage, reinforcement of law, democracy